With its anti-angiogenic activity, TSP-1 may play several biologic roles on Bruch’s membrane

pairing partners of U6-G80 and U6C81 in the four-way junction model–that is, U6-C55 and U6-G54 – are also protected in B028; however, this would also be the case if U2/U6 helix Ib were formed, as is observed with Bact. The U2 chemical modification pattern in this region is consistent with the formation of both U2/U6 helix Ib and the U2 SL1, given that the observed, moderate modification of its loopclosing G-C base pair is attributed to PubMed ID:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19826927 breathing of this short U2 helix. U6 nts A50-U52 involved in U2/U6 helix Ia formation are relatively well-protected in both B028 and Bact, with only weak modification of A50, while G49 is accessible in both Bact and B028. In addition, U2 nts involved in helix Ia formation are also protected against modification, consistent with the formation of U2/U6 helix Ia in both the B028 and Bact complex. Taken together, our results indicate that the U6 ISL and U2/U6 helix Ia are formed in B028, but that the conformation of the U2/U6 junction in B028 differs from that in Bact, possibly forming a four-way Sidarovich et al. eLife 2017;6:e23533. DOI: 10.7554/eLife.23533 8 of 32 Research article Biochemistry Cell Biology Sidarovich et al. eLife 2017;6:e23533. DOI: 10.7554/eLife.23533 9 of 32 Research article Biochemistry Cell Biology with an oligonucleotide complementary to U6 nts 80100 or to the additional nucleotides that were added to the 3′ end of the U6 snRNA. Primer extension analysis of U2 from CMCT and DMS B028 and Bact complexes, performed with an oligonucleotide complementary to U2 nts 7595. DOI: 10.7554/eLife.23533.007 The following figure supplements are available for figure 3: as opposed to a three-way junction. This, in turn, is consistent with the idea that the catalytic RNA network of the spliceosome is rearranged in multiple steps during catalytic activation. B028 complexes can be chased into catalytically-active spliceosomes To determine whether the B028 complex is a functional assembly intermediate, as opposed to a dead end complex, we performed chase experiments. When affinity-purified B028 complexes were incubated under splicing conditions in the absence of extract, no splicing was observed. However, when micrococcal nuclease treated nuclear extract–in which all endogenous snRNPs were degraded–was added, both catalytic steps of splicing were observed, at levels similar to that observed with purified B complexes plus MN-treated extract. Splicing was not observed when pre-mRNA alone was incubated under splicing conditions with MN-treated extract. Thus, purified B028 can be chased into a mature spliceosome that catalyzes both steps of splicing, demonstrating that it is a functional intermediate. However, when cp028 was added to the MNtreated extract, no splicing was observed after incubation with both B and B028 complexes. This suggests that cp028 binds to and/or inactivates a splicing factor required for the conversion of the B/B028 complexes into catalytically active spliceosomes. The B028 complex shares structural features with the B complex, but has a distinct morphology The B028 complex appears to be stalled at an intermediate stage between the spliceosomal B and Bact complex. To elucidate its structure, we analysed affinity-purified B028 complexes by negativestain electron GW 5074 site microscopy after gradient fixation. An overview of the negatively-stained raw images revealed a homogeneous population of monodisperse particles of the same basic morphology with a maximum length of ~40 nm. The majority of B0