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F T follicular helper cells is mediated by interleukin-21 but independent of T helper 1, two, or 17 cell lineages. Immunity 29, 138 49 20. Ma, C. S., Avery, D. T., Chan, A., Batten, M., Bustamante, J., BoissonDupuis, S., Arkwright, P. D., Kreins, A. Y., Averbuch, D., Engelhard, D., Magdorf, K., Kilic, S. S., Minegishi, Y., Nonoyama, S., French, M. A., Choo, S., Intelligent, J. M., Peake, J., Wong, M., Gray, P., Cook, M. C., Fulcher, D. A., Casanova, J. L., Deenick, E. K., and Tangye, S. G. (2012) Functional STAT3 deficiency compromises the generation of human T follicular helper cells. Blood 119, 39974008 21. Mathur, A. N., Chang, H. C., Zisoulis, D. G., NF-κB Compound Stritesky, G. L., Yu, Q., O’Malley, J. T., Kapur, R., Levy, D. E., Kansas, G. S., and Kaplan, M. H. (2007) Stat3 and Stat4 direct development of IL-17-secreting Th cells. J. Immunol. 178, 49014907 22. Bauquet, A. T., Jin, H., Paterson, A. M., Mitsdoerffer, M., Ho, I. C., Sharpe, A. H., and Kuchroo, V. K. (2009) The costimulatory molecule ICOS regulates the expression of c-Maf and IL-21 inside the GLUT2 Formulation improvement of follicular T helper cells and TH-17 cells. Nat. Immunol. ten, 16775 23. Ivanov, I. I., McKenzie, B. S., Zhou, L., Tadokoro, C. E., Lepelley, A., Lafaille, J. J., Cua, D. J., and Littman, D. R. (2006) The orphan nuclear receptor ROR t directs the differentiation plan of proinflammatory IL-17 T helper cells. Cell 126, 1121133 24. Yu, D., Rao, S., Tsai, L. M., Lee, S. K., He, Y., Sutcliffe, E. L., Srivastava, M., Linterman, M., Zheng, L., Simpson, N., Ellyard, J. I., Parish, I. A., Ma, C. S., Li, Q. J., Parish, C. R., Mackay, C. R., and Vinuesa, C. G. (2009) The transcriptional repressor Bcl-6 directs T follicular helper cell lineage commitment. Immunity 31, 457468 25. Br tle, A., Heink, S., Huber, M., Rosenpl ter, C., Stadelmann, C., Yu, P., Arpaia, E., Mak, T. W., Kamradt, T., and Lohoff, M. (2007) The improvement of inflammatory T(H)-17 cells needs interferon-regulatory factor four. Nat. Immunol. 8, 958 66 26. Durant, L., Watford, W. T., Ramos, H. L., Laurence, A., Vahedi, G., Wei, L., Takahashi, H., Sun, H. W., Kanno, Y., Powrie, F., and O’Shea, J. J. (2010) Diverse targets from the transcription factor STAT3 contribute to T cell pathogenicity and homeostasis. Immunity 32, 605615 27. Schraml, B. U., Hildner, K., Ise, W., Lee, W. L., Smith, W. A., Solomon, B., Sahota, G., Sim, J., Mukasa, R., Cemerski, S., Hatton, R. D., Stormo, G. D., Weaver, C. T., Russell, J. H., Murphy, T. L., and Murphy, K. M. (2009) The AP-1 transcription aspect Batf controls T(H)17 differentiation. Nature
Particular Microbial Attachment to Root Knot Nematodes in Suppressive SoilMohamed Adam,a,b Andreas Westphal,a Johannes Hallmann,a Holger HeueraJulius K n Institut ederal Analysis Centre for Cultivated Plants, Braunschweig, Germanya; Department of Zoology and Nematology, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Cairo, EgyptbUnderstanding the interactions of plant-parasitic nematodes with antagonistic soil microbes could provide opportunities for novel crop protection techniques. Three arable soils have been investigated for their suppressiveness against the root knot nematode Meloidogyne hapla. For all three soils, M. hapla created drastically fewer galls, egg masses, and eggs on tomato plants in unsterilized than in sterilized infested soil. Egg numbers had been reduced by up to 93 . This recommended suppression by soil microbial communities. The soils drastically differed inside the composition of microbial communities and in.

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Author: heme -oxygenase